1. Jeffrey Passel and D’Vera Cohn, “U.S. Population Projections: 2005-2050”, Pew Hispanic Center, Washington D.C., February 11, 2008; U.S. Census, Facts for Features Series, “Hispanic Heritage Month 2007”, July 16, 2007.
2. Jeffrey Passel and D’Vera Cohn, “U.S. Population Projections: 2005-2050”, Pew Hispanic Center, Washington D.C., February 11, 2008; U.S. Census, Facts for Features Series, “Hispanic Heritage Month 2007”, July 16, 2007.
3. Aaron Terrazas, Jeanne Batalova and Velma Fan “Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants in the United States”, Migration Policy Institute, October 2007 (http://www.migrationinformation.org/USfocus/display.cfm?id=649#7)
4. “In Shift, 40 percent of Immigrants Move Directly to Suburbs”, The New York Times, October 17, 2007.
5. See Economic Report of the President, 2007, Chapter 9 “Immigration” (http://www.gpoaccess.gov/eop/index.html). For example, Orrenius and Zavodny (2006) find that “an increase in the fraction of foreign-born workers tends to lower the wages of natives in blue collar occupations but does not have a statistically significant negative effect among natives in skilled occupations.” (Pia M. Orrenius & Madeline Zavodny, 2006. “Does immigration affect wages? A look at occupation-level evidence,” DiscussionPaper No. 2481, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn.) According to Borjas, (2003), between 1980 and 2000, workers lost, on average, about 3 percent of the real value of their wages due to immigration. Native workers without a high school degree suffered a loss of about 9 percent. Ottaviano and Peri (2006) argue that the wage loss for the latter group is even smaller given that “uneducated foreign-born do not fully and directly substitute for (compete with) uneducated natives, but partly complement their skills.” According to their estimates, the average wage of U.S.-born workers experiences a significant increase (rather than a decrease) as a consequence of immigration. In contrast, previous immigrants do experience more significant wage losses as they compete for similar jobs and occupations with the new immigrants. (George J. Borjas (2003) “The Labor Demand Curve is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market” Quarterly Journal of Economics, CXVIII (4), 1335-1374, quoted by Gianmarco I.P. Ottaviano and Giovanni Peri, “Rethinking the Effects of Immigration on Wages”, NBER Working Paper 12497, July 2006, www.nber.org/~confer/2006/si2006/iti/peri.pdf ).
6. Although the distribution of gains varies among low-skilled and high-skilled natives, in general, “through lower prices, low-skilled immigration brings positive net benefits to the U.S. economy” (Patricia Cortes, “The Effect of Low-skilled Immigration on U.S. Prices: Evidence from CPI Data”, January 2006, http://ssrn.com/abstract=895861)
7. Jeffery M. Humphreys, “The Multicultural Economy 2006”, Georgia Business and Economic Conditions, Vol. 6, no. 3, 2006.
8. The Tomas Rivera Policy Institute, Increasing Wealth in the Latino Community: A TRPI Conference Summary Report, July 2007 (http://www.trpi.org/update/economics.html)
9. It must be noted that the majority of Hispanics (73 percent) have a mixed view on immigration, believing there are both positive and negative aspects to it. This is reflected in their positions on immigration policies. They generally disapprove of stepped-up enforcement measures against illegal immigration but they are divided over measures such as regularization. Factors such as income, education and generation influence their positions on this issue. According to the Pew Hispanic Center 61 percent of foreign-born Hispanics support regularization compared to 42 percent of native-born Hispanics (See Pew Hispanic Center, “2007 National Survey of Latinos: As Illegal Immigration Issue Heats Up, Hispanics Feel A Chill”, Washington, DC, December 2007; and “2006 National Survey of Latinos: The Immigration Debate”, Washington, D.C., July 2006).
10. Tamar Jacoby, “Immigration is not black and white”, The Dallas Morning News, January 7, 2008; Janet Hook, “1 in 3 would deny illegal immigrants social services”, The Los Angeles Times, December 6, 2007.
11. Pew Hispanic Center, “2007 National Survey of Latinos: As Illegal Immigration Issue Heats Up, Hispanics Feel A Chill”, Washington, DC, December 2007.
12. Elaine C. Lacy, “Immigrants in the Southeast: Public Perceptions and Integration”, News and Views, AS/COA, February 1, 2008.
13. Shirin Hakimzadeh and D’Vera Cohn, “English Usage Among Hispanics in the United States” Pew Hispanic Center, Washington, D.C., November 29, 2007 (http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/82.pdf).
14. Claire Bergeron and Jeanne Batalova, “Spotlight on Naturalization Trends in Advance of the 2008 Elections”, Migration Policy Institute, Janyar 16, 2008.
15. Department of Homeland Security, “Trends in Naturalization Rates”, December 2007 (http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/statistics/)
16. Claire Bergeron and Jeanne Batalova, “Spotlight on Naturalization Trends in Advance of the 2008 Elections”, Migration Policy Institute, January 2008 http://www.migrationinformation.org/USFocus/display.cfm?id=670
17. Tomás Rivera Policy Institute, “National Latino Vote Expected to Top 9 Million in 2008”, Press Release, December 19, 2007.
18. Margie McHugh, Julia Gelatt, and Michael Fix, Adult English Language Instruction in the US: Determining Need and Investing Wisely (Washington D.C., Migration Policy Insitute, 2007).
19. Tamar Jacoby, “The Immigration Temptation: The Political Issue That Always Disappoints is Back”, The Weekly Standard, Vol. 11, no. 18, January 23, 2006.
20. Tamar Jacoby, “The Immigration Temptation: The Political Issue That Always Disappoints is Back”, The Weekly Standard, Vol. 11, no. 18, January 23, 2006
21. Pew Hispanic Center, “Hispanics and the 2008 Election: A Swing Vote?”, Washington D.C., December 6, 2007, p. 10; Pew Hispanic Center, “The Latino Electorate: An Analysis of the 2006 Election”, Washington D.C., July 24, 2007. Pew Hispanic Center, “Latinos and the 2006 Mid-term Election”, Washington D.C., November 27, 2006; Pew Hispanic Center, “Hispanics and the 2004 Election: Population, Electorate and Voters”, Washington D.C., June 27, 2006; Pew Hispanic Center/Kaiser Family Foundation, “The National Survey of Latinos: Politics and Civic Participation”, July 2004; see also Tamar Jacoby, “GOP can’t lose Latinos”, The Los Angeles Times, November 17, 2006.
22. Pew Hispanic Center, “Hispanics and the 2008 Election: A Swing Vote?”, Washington D.C., December 6, 2007, p. 18; Pew Hispanic Center, “The Latino Electorate: An Analysis of the 2006 Election”, Washington D.C., July 24, 2007.
23. Securing the Future: US Immigrant Integration Policy, A Reader, edited by Michael Fix, The National Center on Immigrant Integration Policy, Migration Policy Institute, 2007.
24. Successful programs implemented by the Office of Refugee Resettlement (which cover only 5 percent of the immigrant population admitted as refugees or asylees) are an example of how public and private assistance in education, health, language training and skills training help immigrants integrate faster and more successfully (see Tomas Jimenez (2007). “From Newcomers to Americans: An Integration Policy for a Nation of Immigrants,” Immigration Policy In Focus, 5(11). Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation, Washington, DC.; Migration Policy Institute, “Building the New American Community: Newcomer Integration and Inclusion Experiences in Non-Traditional Gateway Cities”, Washington D.C., 2004).
25. Tomas Jimenez (2007). “From Newcomers to Americans: An Integration Policy for a Nation of Immigrants,” Immigration Policy In Focus, 5(11). Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation, Washington, DC.; Migration Policy Institute, “Building the New American Community: Newcomer Integration and Inclusion Experiences in Non-Traditional Gateway Cities”, Washington D.C., 2004.
